1. 杜卡迪MTS1200
1、如果是一些有点年头的车，这很有可能是油浮子的问题，油浮子也就是油位传感器。可以检查油箱上的油位传感器插头是否松动，是否氧化烧蚀；观察油位传感器滑落过程有无卡滞现象。
2、如果油位传感器没有问题，那么很有可能是仪表盘的油表线路出现问题，这时应该拆下仪表盘，用万用表和大头针，找准仪表上对应油表的线路进行检测。
3、如果新车的油表突然下降为零，然后一动不动，那么说明传感器有问题，可以直接与4S店进行更换。
2. 杜卡迪mts1200s
松离合异响的原因：
可能是发动机转速高，控制好转速再换挡；
可能是速度和挡位不匹配，换挡时要匹配；
可能是机油不好，更换机油；
可能是松离合后，油门加得过猛，注意油门要适当；
新车尤其是磨合期里的车，齿轮之间间隙比较紧密，过段时间就好了。
3. 杜卡迪MTS1200价格
MTS 1200S提供了四种驾驶模式:Sport对应的是运动模式、Touring对应的旅行模式、Enduro是拉力模式、urba...
4. 杜卡迪MTS1200参数
宝马的水鸟ADV和KTM的1290ADV都不错。杜卡迪家的MTS ADV也行，不过建议等新款的V4。喜欢复古凯旋家的Scrambler 1200也有高座高版的。
对于一些避震偏软的车型来说，车辆不坐人的时候座高看起来是很高的，但是当驾驶员上车以后自身的重量就把避震压扁了，那么车型座高自然就降了下来，所以我们买车的时候不能一味地看座高参数，最重要的还是亲自坐上去试一试，只有这样才能知道自己的身高究竟能否驾驭这款摩托车
5. 杜卡迪MTS1200用什么机油
杜卡迪mts1260s的最低座高780mm 。
最大的变化当然是全新的Teststretta DVT 发动机，其排量为1262cc，最大马力158 hp/9500 rpm,最大扭矩129.5 Nm/7500rpm。
值得注意的是，排量增加并没有带来马力和扭矩的大幅提升，反而比Multistrada 1200的数据还要低一些，这样做只为获得更加平顺易控的动力体验。其实，强悍的动力并不能代表一辆摩托车是否好骑。
6. 杜卡迪MTS1200s价格
空调是现代生活中不可缺少的一部分，它提高了人们的生活水平，使人们在适宜的温度下生活。但是做为家用电器，长时间的使用，也难免会出现故障，那么出现故障该怎么办呢？本文就教教大家怎么处理。
空调基础知识
核心部件
空调器的制冷（制热）系统由压缩机、冷凝器、毛细管（或电子膨胀阀）、蒸发器四大部分组成。分体式空调器中，这4大部件分为室内机和室外机两部分。室外机有压缩机、冷凝器、毛细管（或电子膨胀阀）3大制冷（制热）部件，室内机只有1只蒸发器，它们之间用管路、截止阀来连接，从而成为一个完整的制冷（制热)系统。
压缩机
将气体压缩，将低压气体变成高压气体，常见的有涡旋式压缩机、转子式压缩机，为制冷剂提供从高温环境吸热、向高温环境放热的能量，帮助制冷剂循环顺利进行。
冷凝器
将制冷剂由气体冷凝变成液体，放出热量。
节流装置
将高压液体变成低温低压液体，常见的有毛细管和膨胀阀，制冷剂压力越低，沸点越低，节流装置的作用就是将制冷剂的压力降低到制冷剂对应的沸点比制冷时室内温度（需要从室内吸热），制热时的室外温度低（需要从室外吸热），保证制冷剂能从空气吸热，正常蒸发。
蒸发器
将制冷剂由液体蒸发变成气体，吸收热量。
循环原理：
制冷和制热原理
制冷
空调制冷时，制冷剂先经过压缩机变成高压气体；然后经过室外机换热器（冷凝器）冷凝放热变成高压液体；然后高压液体经过节流装置，会变成低温低压的液体；然后经过室内机换热器（蒸发器）蒸发吸热变成低温低压的气体，最后再回到压缩机。
制热
空调制热时，制冷剂先经过压缩机变成高压气体，然后会先经过室内机换热器（冷凝器）冷凝放热变成高压液体；然后高压液体经过节流装置，会变成低温低压的液体；然后经过室外机换热器（蒸发器）蒸发吸热变成低温低压的气体，最后再回到压缩机。
注意制冷制热时，制冷剂流向是不同的，制冷时先流过室外机换热器，此时室外机是冷凝器，室内机是蒸发器；制热时，制冷剂先流过室内机换热器，此时室内机是冷凝器，室外机是蒸发器。制冷制热不同状态时，空调会通过四通阀改变制冷剂的流向。上图红色方框内为四通阀。如果没有四通阀，空调只能实现单一制冷或者制热，不能冷热切换。
检修思路
空调检修遵循由室内到室外再到中间，先易后难。要想电路故障检修具体和简单化，就要在检修时把室内与室外电路、主电路与控制电路故障区别开来。
控制与主电路故障
1、对于压缩机频繁开停故障，可通过测量空调器负载电压与压缩机运行电流来判断故障部位。如压缩机运转电流过大，说明故障在主电路；如压缩机运转电流正常，说明故障在控制电路。
2、对于风机运转压缩机不启动故障，可通过观察室外交流接触器是否吸合来判定故障部位。如接触器吸合而压缩机不工作，说明故障在主电路；如接触器不吸合，说明故障在控制电路。对于变频空调压机不启动，可通过检测功率模块来排除故障。
3、测量室内与室外保护元件是否正常，来判断故障区域。如测量保护元件正常，说明故障在控制电路；如测量保护元件损坏，说明故障在主电路。
4、对于压缩机不运转故障，还可通过强行按动接触器，观察压缩机是否能正常制冷。如按下接触器后压缩机能运转且制冷，说明故障在控制电路；如按下接触器压缩机过流或不启动，说明故障在主电路。(变频压缩机不能采用此法)
5、对于压缩机频繁启动故障，如摸压缩机外壳温度过高，多为主电路或压缩机本身故障。
6、对于变频空调来说，可以通过空调器的故障指示灯来进行判断，如功率模块、通讯故障等。
室内与室外电路故障
1、有输入与输出信号线的空调器，可以使用短接方法来进行判断。如采用上述方法后空调器能恢复正常，说明故障在室外机；如故障没有消除，说明故障在室内机。
2、测量室外机接线端上有无交流或直流电压判断故障部位。如测量室外接线端子上有交流或直流电压，说明故障在室外机；如测量无交流或直流电压，说明故障在室内电路。
3、对功率较大的柜式空调器可通过观察室外接触器是否吸合，来判断故障部位。如接触器吸合，说明故障在室外机；如没有吸合，说明故障在室内机。
4、对于有故障显示的空调器可通过观察室内与室外故障代码来区分故障部位。
5、对于采用串行通讯的空调器电路，可用示波器测量信号线的波形来判断故障部位。
6、对于热泵型空调器不除霜或除霜频繁，则多为室外主控电路板故障。
7、有条件也可通过更换电路板来区分室外机故障。
空调故障检修方法
1、插上电源插头，室内机电源指示灯亮，如无电源指示，说明您家的电源有故障或指示灯损坏。（下图左起第一个为电源指示灯）
2、有电源指示，用遥控器按操作键，信号发射不出去。首先，检查遥控器内的电池是否有电，然后检查电池的正负极片触点有无氧化腐蚀，若上述正常，检查遥控器内部电路板是否损坏，可将遥控器靠近一台调幅收音机，按遥控器键进行干扰试验，听收音机是否发出有“嘟嘟”声，有声说明遥控器无故障。
3、当遥控器确定无故障时，信号还是发射不出去时，可用室内机强制运行开关验证，强制运行时，室内贯流风机和室外压缩机若运转正常，制冷效果良好，则证明空调器室内机红外接收部位有故障。
4、当你使用的遥控器装上新电池使用不到一个月就不显示时，可将遥控器的后盖打开，用95%的酒精清洗一下电路板和按键触点面导电胶片，干燥后，即可排除漏电故障，遥控器液晶显示缺字也可采用这种方法。
5、变频空调器中的温度传感器起着非常重要的作用，室内机有空气温度传感器和蒸发器温度传感器;室外机有空气温度传感器，高压管路传感器和低压管路传感器，有的传感器在长期使用后发生阻值变化，使控制特性改变，(如室内机空气温度传感器阻值变大后，会引起变频器输出频率偏低)，为了保证控制精度，及其相同的工作特性，确定传感器故障后，应换用原型号的产品。
6、在空调器出现故障时，如果鉴别整个控制系统是否有故障，可将室内机控制器上的开关放在“试运行”挡上，此时微处理器会向变频器发出一个频率为50Hz的信号。若此时空调器能运转，并保持频率不变工作，一般认为整个控制系统无大问题，可着重检查各传感器是否完好。如果空调器不能正常运行，说明控制系统有故障。
故障情况分析
常规故障现象成因
故障一
现象：空调系统不工作且空调的压缩机不吸合。
成因：制冷剂部分或全部泄露。
维修：找出导致制冷剂泄漏的故障点，并更换损坏的零件，然后重新将其抽成真空状态，再添加适量的制冷剂。容易发生制冷剂泄漏的部位有：管路及其密封圈、冷凝管、膨胀阀、压力开关等。
故障二
现象：空调不能制冷，压缩机能够吸合，但低压很低且排出管表面温度极高。
成因：膨胀阀上的感温头损坏，导致冷媒泄漏无法制冷。
维修：将坏掉的感温头换掉，并将系统抽成真空、保压，然后根据空调规定的剂量适量添加制冷剂。
故障三
现象：空调系统不工作且空调的压缩机不吸合，但空调系统内的压力平衡。
成因：空调系统的保险片、继电器、热敏电阻接线、冷凝风扇接线等部件出现问题。
维修：对上述部件一一进行排拆，更换掉损坏的的部件。
故障四
现象：制冷效果不佳，风量较小，且机箱运行噪声较大。
成因：空调的管道中有异物进入，或者灰尘堆积导致过滤网阻塞。
维修：定期拆下过滤网并对过滤网进行清洗，清洁管道，然后重新安装。
故障五
现象：空调制冷效果不佳，机箱正常运行但高、低压的压力均过高。
成因：添加了过量的制冷剂，或在压缩机中添加了过多的润滑油。
维修：如果是制冷剂添加过多，则排出、回收多余的制冷剂；若润滑油加注过多，拭去多余的润滑油到合适的剂量。然后同样要进行抽空、保压、加制冷剂等步骤。
故障六
现象：随着使用时间变长，空调的制冷效果变差，高低压压力都偏低。
成因：使用时各个部件的街头松动。
维修：将松动的接头处重新拧紧。
常规故障分析排除
以下几种故障就在日常生活中是比较常见。如果家中的空调运行不正常，大家可以对比以下几条，找出故障的原因，并进行简单的维修，然后我们的空调机就又能正常运行啦。
压缩机不能运行
原因1：电源故障
排除：用万用表、电笔遂项检查排除故障。保险丝坏则更换保险丝，电线断则更换电线
原因2：电源电压太低
排除：用万用表测量电压值，必要时配用电源稳压装置
原因3：电线连接松脱或断路
排除：检查电线连接部位，松脱的接插件应重新插牢、插紧，应由专业人员检修
空调维修压缩机长时间运行而不能自停
原因1：由于制冷剂量不足，制冷剂全部或部分泄漏导致
排除：查出泄漏部位，补漏，将制冷系统重新抽真空，加入制冷剂等，应由专业人员维修
原因2：过滤器堵塞。
排除：可更换过滤器，制冷系统重新抽真空、加入制冷剂等，应由专业人员维修
风机不能运行
原因1：主控开关接触不良
排除：用万用表测量主控开关触点电阻，电阻太大或为零时，应作修复或更换处理
原因2：风扇电机线圈损坏
排除：用万用表检查，更换相同规格、相同转速的风扇电机
原因3：风机的电机与风叶间紧定螺钉松脱
排除：将紧定螺钉紧固
原因4：风扇电容器短路或短路
排除：检查电容器，更换相同规格的电容器
压缩机起动与停止频繁
原因1：室温控制值设置不当
排除：适当增大室内控制温度与原室温之间的差值
原因2：环境温度过高
排除：改善工作环境，如设置遮栅，避免阳光直晒，将空调器安装在通风良好的环境等
原因3：冷凝器太脏
排除：清洗冷凝器，去除冷凝器外表面的尘埃
冷暖型空调器制冷制热调节失灵
原因1：电磁换向阀线圈故障
排除：用万用表测量电磁换向阀线圈，若属线圈断路或烧毁，应更换新的同规格电磁阀
原因2：电加热装置故障
排除：用万用表检查，更换相同规格的电加热丝或温度保护器
原因3：温度控制器失灵
排除：用万用表检查温控器，对触点作除锈污处理后如依然无效，则应更换相同规格温度控制器
空调器噪音和振动较大
原因1：固定螺钉松动或脱落
排除：检查螺钉松动的地方，并将其拧紧
原因2：压缩机管路相碰
排除：用手适当调整高、低压管的开头或者在易相碰的管子上套上橡皮管，以免相碰时发出异常噪声。
维修费用
家用空调修理费用要多少？
其实费用的问题，还是要根据维修程度来看，大部分可以分为小修、中修、大修。
1、小程度修理
小城府的修理，原因一般都是小零件故障、家用空调有噪音出现等等，问题不大，修理费用也没有那么多，一般价格在50-100元之间。
2、中程度修理
中修的价格可能在100-300元之间，大多是因为家用空调上的一些零件要更换，比如更换挂机底座、组件、柜机箱体等等。
3、大程度修理
大修的价格则在300-1000元之间，具体什么问题，就需要根据家用空调实际故障而定。
空调维修安装收费价格：
常规品牌售后电话
欧美品牌
开利空调Carrier全国服务热线/售后电话：400-900-0888
约克空调YORK全国服务热线/售后电话：400-820-6607
特灵空调Trane全国服务热线/售后电话：400-828-8240
麦克维尔空调Mcquay全国服务热线/售后电话：951-05363
克莱门特空调Climaveneta全国服务热线/售后电话：400-880-7575
欧科空调EK全国服务热线/售后电话：400-188-1963
美国美意空调Mammoth全国服务热线/售后电话：400-820-1700
国产品牌
天加空调Tica全国服务热线/售后电话：400-860-1601
美的空调Midea全国服务热线/售后电话：400-889-9315
格力空调Gree全国服务热线/售后电话：400-836-5315
海尔空调Haier全国服务热线/售后电话：400-699-9999
雅士空调Airmaster全国服务热线/售后电话：400-053-0800
台佳空调TECKA全国服务热线/售后电话：400-671-2725
海信空调Hisense全国服务热线/售后电话：（安装）400-801-1111（维修）400-611-1111
志高空调Chigo全国服务热线/售后电话：4006-757-888
盾安空调Dunan全国服务热线/售后电话：400-600-3333
奥克斯空调Aux全国服务热线/售后电话：400-826-8268
国祥空调kingair全国服务热线/售后电话：400-826-0708
扬子空调Yair全国服务热线/售后电话：400-887-7000
格兰仕空调Galanz全国服务热线/售后电话：4008-300-888
TCL中央空调全国服务热线/售后电话：400-812-3456
日系品牌
大金空调Daikin全国服务热线/售后电话：400-820-1081
东芝空调Toshiba全国服务热线/售后电话：400-888-0208
日立空调HITACHI全国服务热线/售后电话：400-860-1111
三菱空调Mitsubishi全国服务热线/售后电话：400-181-3030（中央空调）400-700-3030（家用空调）
松下空调Panasonic全国服务热线/售后电话：400-881-1315
合资品牌
顿汉布什Dunham-bush全国服务热线/售后电话：800-7070-998
新晃空调SINKO全国服务热线/售后电话：400-018-1518
西屋康达空调Siukonda全国服务热线/售后电话：400-0757-200
韩国品牌
LG空调全国服务热线/售后电话：400-611-9999（中央空调），400-819-8008（空调溴化锂/离心机/螺杆机）
三星空调Samsung全国服务热线/售后电话：400-810-5858
空调保养
1、经常清扫空调器面板和机壳的灰尘
一般使用干布擦拭。先擦拭，然后再用清水湿擦布擦除掉洗涤剂。切勿用40度以上热水、汽油、挥发性油及腐蚀性溶剂擦拭空调器面板和机壳。不应用硬毛刷刷洗空调器，以免损坏外壳，造成脱漆、褪色等。
2、定期清洗空调器的冷凝器和蒸发器盘管
可使用毛刷和吸尘器清洗盘管上的灰尘。注意在清洗时毛刷和吸尘器应沿盘管的垂直方向清扫，切勿沿水平方向清扫，以免碰坏盘管的肋片。
3、定期清洗空调器的空气过滤网
一般2至3周左右清扫一次。清扫时将过滤网抽出，用干的软毛刷刷去过滤网上的灰尘。也可用清水清洗去过滤网上的灰尘。晾干后再装入空调器使用。对灰尘较多的环境，过滤网的清洗应更经常，以免过滤网沾灰尘太多，影响空调器的通风量。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调是现代生活中不可缺少的一部分，它提高了人们的生活水平，使人们在适宜的温度下生活。但是做为家用电器，长时间的使用，也难免会出现故障，那么出现故障该怎么办呢？本文就教教大家怎么处理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwGqE8O8usMgiQBVxXwqvkd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2m8yOEsisQOyK2m5nN6pYg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"核心部件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOy6seiasIICEOcTtpKfPZk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调器的制冷（制热）系统由压缩机、冷凝器、毛细管（或电子膨胀阀）、蒸发器四大部分组成。分体式空调器中，这4大部件分为室内机和室外机两部分。室外机有压缩机、冷凝器、毛细管（或电子膨胀阀）3大制冷（制热）部件，室内机只有1只蒸发器，它们之间用管路、截止阀来连接，从而成为一个完整的制冷（制热)系统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnamMqIkWAoSsE4qeLbnCLYc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":630,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"核心部件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/33242a7b9e21411780e7d098fdeddee3","width":945},"text":"","id":"doxcnCCeYuue6CgiSiwzAg0iMUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"压缩机","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsCy60UMmsyEAa0mts7vjgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将气体压缩，将低压气体变成高压气体，常见的有涡旋式压缩机、转子式压缩机，为制冷剂提供从高温环境吸热、向高温环境放热的能量，帮助制冷剂循环顺利进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwsO8OYOUse6Uy4iEm3BhFc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"冷凝器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2ykwAqSuYUKICtmcnTvcv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将制冷剂由气体冷凝变成液体，放出热量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne8geisc4Sig6mKouqRXLoc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"节流装置","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne2iKYYM0OC6GKWhW3YyLah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将高压液体变成低温低压液体，常见的有毛细管和膨胀阀，制冷剂压力越低，沸点越低，节流装置的作用就是将制冷剂的压力降低到制冷剂对应的沸点比制冷时室内温度（需要从室内吸热），制热时的室外温度低（需要从室外吸热），保证制冷剂能从空气吸热，正常蒸发。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YacUs6UmwkQyEPJjiDs0c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蒸发器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA0GIau4QUA0MCYCPDOrG5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将制冷剂由液体蒸发变成气体，吸收热量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4MMaSaUM4eI6gb7y7tiQWg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"循环原理：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEQCmwMwquugQKy1jpW3Fbh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"循环原理：","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8699bb2d14464b7196b92e072a8103d8","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnsWwkYSgoUeEaCaX6nDz7vb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制冷和制热原理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKkC2CECMK2miCiB9XVbtQf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":682,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"制冷和制热原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2b257991c5cf4426bc5995d744e343f6","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnAgUsM2syeWAc84N9SJ28vb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制冷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0YMW0cogk0EQ2XRj8uqOse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调制冷时，制冷剂先经过压缩机变成高压气体；然后经过室外机换热器（冷凝器）冷凝放热变成高压液体；然后高压液体经过节流装置，会变成低温低压的液体；然后经过室内机换热器（蒸发器）蒸发吸热变成低温低压的气体，最后再回到压缩机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Miqo6U2qeSQFJBkVJuWs8"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制热","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOI4w8kQsmcYGAxbUT0oGhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调制热时，制冷剂先经过压缩机变成高压气体，然后会先经过室内机换热器（冷凝器）冷凝放热变成高压液体；然后高压液体经过节流装置，会变成低温低压的液体；然后经过室外机换热器（蒸发器）蒸发吸热变成低温低压的气体，最后再回到压缩机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMoU8kcyySqOO6x3oipzrcf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意制冷制热时，制冷剂流向是不同的，制冷时先流过室外机换热器，此时室外机是冷凝器，室内机是蒸发器；制热时，制冷剂先流过室内机换热器，此时室内机是冷凝器，室外机是蒸发器。制冷制热不同状态时，空调会通过四通阀改变制冷剂的流向。上图红色方框内为四通阀。如果没有四通阀，空调只能实现单一制冷或者制热，不能冷热切换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCaEuW4qM0wEEdkYIZRknhy"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"检修思路","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4s6i2GG6WAKS4BXLXnf0yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调检修遵循由室内到室外再到中间，先易后难。要想电路故障检修具体和简单化，就要在检修时把室内与室外电路、主电路与控制电路故障区别开来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncKIooiG6GKkmC1sN95Vcea"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":434,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"检修思路","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b313addc088496daf46fc1aa834fc2f","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnGCWKIKYIawOqyio3Ifb1Pa"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"控制与主电路故障","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUAG0Ymsoyg8cYT8nKOxpEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对于压缩机频繁开停故障，可通过测量空调器负载电压与压缩机运行电流来判断故障部位。如压缩机运转电流过大，说明故障在主电路；如压缩机运转电流正常，说明故障在控制电路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAO2eKOKCKSKek5KJRMwPCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对于风机运转压缩机不启动故障，可通过观察室外交流","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"接触器","id":""},{"type":"te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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmC6OWoOeq6IoYpdfDL25ie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现象：空调系统不工作且空调的压缩机不吸合。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM0aem4WeGU00WsrTJ0lBRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成因：制冷剂部分或全部泄露。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSC0YsU26kSsUSufqk9REyJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修：找出导致制冷剂泄漏的故障点，并更换损坏的零件，然后重新将其抽成真空状态，再添加适量的制冷剂。容易发生制冷剂泄漏的部位有：管路及其密封圈、冷凝管、膨胀阀、压力开关等。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngi2CCSMWGuweOoJhCta2Xd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障一","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d76ecfd6eb414f24b08a7d00f78293cd","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcn0sqOmcwQCgOuOo1RIFOEsd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"故障二","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkMEM2MEaQOwA61RiNsqzFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现象：空调不能制冷，压缩机能够吸合，但低压很低且排出管表面温度极高。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGoAqskI4Q48giOgGtHgwee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成因：膨胀阀上的感温头损坏，导致冷媒泄漏无法制冷。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGSgUoa8EEkuGi6nlaz7gHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修：将坏掉的感温头换掉，并将系统抽成真空、保压，然后根据空调规定的剂量适量添加制冷剂。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneQ4ooIW8Ou8U8nLGkPxwVd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":321,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障二","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7337e7c04d0940369e70d0db5c447a3e","width":474},"text":"","id":"doxcnqiAiOGyCWuEyCs0NyUnlWc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"故障三","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEySUu6Egs8Q887mjJMHold"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现象：空调系统不工作且空调的压缩机不吸合，但空调系统内的压力平衡。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqWewGSECg4OOwvLuTV0x0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成因：空调系统的保险片、继电器、热敏电阻接线、冷凝风扇接线等部件出现问题。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8wGEkYcEKiu2o5nb3AhFkd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修：对上述部件一一进行排拆，更换掉损坏的的部件。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKo4eIiWiUYsKGum7ULrVwd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障三","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9479705c9c904356811a695383fe2f71","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnIm0ucOgigA8CYlXCDsoWLf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"故障四","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWkEqEGeuggeaeOXPj4LSic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现象：制冷效果不佳，风量较小，且机箱运行噪声较大。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYG8Y2Gy4AMkuKeDzywfVie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成因：空调的管道中有异物进入，或者灰尘堆积导致过滤网阻塞。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCA04AWUc88qy2ZQvW86qXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修：定期拆下过滤网并对过滤网进行清洗，清洁管道，然后重新安装。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQcKcgSQmEwYagzTRf8HEDc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":373,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障四","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a0d044a512f456480e1be7f6dabf456","width":746},"text":"","id":"doxcniUoYMaM4A0eQKqLTauQLYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"故障五","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Qy4GMW0sEi0s2lz9gU2RK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现象：空调制冷效果不佳，机箱正常运行但高、低压的压力均过高。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuIe0aQ6aWAIusVJtWHghAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成因：添加了过量的制冷剂，或在压缩机中添加了过多的润滑油。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWkmk8k2ym40uGUlS2NVoFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修：如果是制冷剂添加过多，则排出、回收多余的制冷剂；若润滑油加注过多，拭去多余的润滑油到合适的剂量。然后同样要进行抽空、保压、加制冷剂等步骤。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngIeoak0SMAmycBekmVIzuc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障五","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/255d0d5fde0f4f8ebdbccd7a6de5f927","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcn4QSYSocugmagWWUd9zlV5g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"故障六","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm6omU48eouGEwJSYkBIfxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现象：随着使用时间变长，空调的制冷效果变差，高低压压力都偏低。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2EuWMMMkSEgC8LpIL9Effg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成因：使用时各个部件的街头松动。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCMkuAw46cUOc0UcUrTJcce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修：将松动的接头处重新拧紧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsSIesWcqySS4Ce3WvhViPe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":555,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障六","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bdeec199bd3e4256b5ed7216ac0aa6a2","width":895},"text":"","id":"doxcn0i80wSyiqMeK2temZpEUMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常规故障分析排除","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn40SoQEE4KmMSm8XLMmf7Df"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以下几种故障就在日常生活中是比较常见。如果家中的空调运行不正常，大家可以对比以下几条，找出故障的原因，并进行简单的维修，然后我们的空调机就又能正常运行啦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyiWyIUKKOkg2Ylyqsb5Jxb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"压缩机不能运行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0GYs4wWU8Esy0I9vxJZtcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因1：电源故障 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4ogWEWQuEyCUCkEKxbHFNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：用万用表、电笔遂项检查排除故障。保险丝坏则更换保险丝，电线断则更换电线 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny0QaaWmCuY8k7bRm9VUbmC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因2：电源电压太低 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuMMcsIG6YacqY5STkDXHYe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：用万用表测量电压值，必要时配用电源稳压装置 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6qwWEekSGK8MOywkLLTtTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因3：电线连接松脱或断路 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6GSie04mwO8cqiGmkVdp8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：检查电线连接部位，松脱的接插件应重新插牢、插紧，应由专业人员检修","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUKqsqQmAGWSg3SQMooj1b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"压缩机不能运行","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/43ddd81222224950bd9179309e341ae1","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnOIWYwckw6SaE2PzZWCsY8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKKGUI0E0quwQJ5aOnKqAe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调维修压缩机长时间运行而不能自停","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGcmqwQCQSouIUvpGN4fQ0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因1：由于制冷剂量不足，制冷剂全部或部分泄漏导致 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMOieaEWsqCEgiIfFSeFKvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：查出泄漏部位，补漏，将制冷系统重新抽真空，加入制冷剂等，应由专业人员维修 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKAEisgGkOmUSCyDxdOU2Sb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因2：过滤器堵塞。 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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnac2MOk0AI0QYsR5qm34XSh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"风机不能运行","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4358e08c11e9424fb6f646625e7f08d3","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnWQwoYs8Ay0GE0MUOvwgwUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"压缩机起动与停止频繁","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0cAIaYG8kOCGMhmZseInWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因1：室温控制值设置不当 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaeCiIA6Ke4Iy0UBtACRrzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：适当增大室内控制温度与原室温之间的差值 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG6Cq2EGQmiw829dJT3qlNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因2：环境温度过高 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUCiC2miYQKEaGe0M18OBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：改善工作环境，如设置遮栅，避免阳光直晒，将空调器安装在通风良好的环境等 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","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1effc392738f486482203e696005b326","width":418},"text":"","id":"doxcnIwk6ICOmGkGgm4jQJObZwe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调器噪音和振动较大","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMuGQ02uwUmSM0c2lGuzdoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因1：固定螺钉松动或脱落 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQgUQokYSYGmyoXLKTZjZ0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：检查螺钉松动的地方，并将其拧紧 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAESiWe8Qy8AIId7H3YzgHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因2：压缩机管路相碰 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWgMiqCAmuwok7HzTOKODf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除：用手适当调整高、低压管的开头或者在易相碰的管子上套上橡皮管，以免相碰时发出异常噪声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKYmwE0uCO8sSqQlUyfIfDe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"空调器噪音和振动较大","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1364af7b670f4bb0bcb5263812a1467b","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnCWkCImi6kcgghIK0bPMnLQ"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修费用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsiyk2moWIG4cqotq2GS5Eb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"家用空调修理费用要多少？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm0SIGO44MGYQYe1b24JiEU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其实费用的问题，还是要根据维修程度来看，大部分可以分为小修、中修、大修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni0gmyWmQWuU0MzZlvZnHEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、小程度修理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnee6oo4gi2iEkYH3XC92Tbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小城府的修理，原因一般都是小零件故障、家用空调有噪音出现等等，问题不大，修理费用也没有那么多，一般价格在50-100元之间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqy4goyM4osoM0KLu33malh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、中程度修理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyMOW4SAuIaoSQ8nwB4Iymn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中修的价格可能在100-300元之间，大多是因为家用空调上的一些零件要更换，比如更换挂机底座、组件、柜机箱体等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny448u02u8QqosXEUzRzyfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、大程度修理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn02ScI80K8Sc04up6IQ40cc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大修的价格则在300-1000元之间，具体什么问题，就需要根据家用空调实际故障而定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwU8CogYMmoWgDp3j2Newh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空调维修安装收费价格：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAiWaeSwmKuWaQ7DVRRPWNf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1024,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"维修费用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5d660a7ce36b46adbc539eb94763b42c","width":858},"text":"","id":"doxcnMK4QAoyW8MM4oLs0HTfMob"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":632,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"维修费用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e5f22e947c1e489cba712eabc661339b","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnGMGc6m04yewg2HRKQCCnxf"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0wOQggaSiEiw8jfb9zGzLe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常规品牌售后电话","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0wOQggaSiEiw8jfb9zGzLe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欧美品牌","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMmC2sgy6mAmaYjMnnX1jPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开利空调Carrier全国服务热线/售后电话：400-900-0888","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAea4yEySOcMECenFUMQotd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"约克空调YORK全国服务热线/售后电话：400-820-6607","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwyGSEcAIM2U84JVOti5xUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"特灵空调Trane全国服务热线/售后电话：400-828-8240","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm8WOaUY8w40EqwDL6pZivb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"麦克维尔空调Mcquay全国服务热线/售后电话：951-05363","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE4waOUKsQUMSmKhtLarmvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"克莱门特空调Climaveneta全国服务热线/售后电话：400-880-7575","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc4Y8UyU6Mc2Oa4pVkNSIHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"欧科空调EK全国服务热线/售后电话：400-188-1963","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqkSEUoyaamc28K0vIQ247K"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美国美意空调Mammoth全国服务热线/售后电话：400-820-1700","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaMWgwMOU2YaMK896iBEOzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国产品牌","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQaku8SKuSmkMUJMy5Lc2Tc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"天加空调Tica全国服务热线/售后电话：400-860-1601","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMuSGkoKUIeYwDhpU59llPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美的空调Midea全国服务热线/售后电话：400-889-9315","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOQgasi8SMU8WSuhhFc2WTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"格力空调Gree全国服务热线/售后电话：400-836-5315","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngKA4MU6K0SW8uOxAnMksIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海尔空调Haier全国服务热线/售后电话：400-699-9999","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6O602kc8y86KKoVO7zhExc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"雅士空调Airmaster全国服务热线/售后电话：400-053-0800","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngOw0cqWiOOUiiWoGksTsPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"台佳空调TECKA全国服务热线/售后电话：400-671-2725","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGQ6gKU0AIUqqY1eBHSbm1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海信空调Hisense全国服务热线/售后电话：（安装）400-801-1111（维修）400-611-1111","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGMqUgUEC8wi8qEnnC4iJlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"志高空调Chigo全国服务热线/售后电话：4006-757-888","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsC8IC2IQ0waeSWXwMKsIwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"盾安空调Dunan全国服务热线/售后电话：400-600-3333","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnew2cCCAoGMi0Apd6cwIJef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"奥克斯空调Aux全国服务热线/售后电话：400-826-8268","id":""}],"text":"","id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7. 杜卡迪Mts1200r轮胎
1.定义：
广义的汽车生产物流涉及的内容包括厂址的选择、工厂总平面的布置、车间布置、设备布置、工艺流程设计、生产过程的时间及空间组织、物料搬运等。
狭义的汽车生产物流也称厂区物流、车间物流，一般指在企业的原材料、燃料、外购件投入生产后，经过下料、发料，再运送到各加工点和存储点，以在制品的形态，从一个生产单位流入另一个生产单位，按照规定的工艺过程进行加工、储存，借助一定的运输装置，在某个点内流转，又从某个点内流出，始终体现着物料实物形态的流转过程。物料投入生产后即形成物流，并随着时间进程不断改变自己的实物形态(如加工、装配、储存、搬运、等待等状态)，这一过程贯穿生产全过程和整个企业。
2.特点：
汽车是由约3万个配件组成的复杂整体，涉及几百种材料和几十个加工行业。当今，对汽车品种多样化的要求更增加了汽车生产组织的复杂性，其复杂性体现在以下几个方面。
（1）产品结构的复杂性。为方便组织生产，汽车产品设计时都是将整体分成若干子系统（如发动机系统、车身系统、底盘系统等），子系统又可分成若干总成，总成又可拆分成许多部件，部件则由许多零件组成，因而汽车总体产品的结构相当复杂。
（2）生产方式的多样性。在生产方面，轿车以大量流水线生产为主，货车及客车以系列化的大批量生产为主，重型汽车和专用车则以批量或单件生产为主。
（3）生产工序的交融性。由于汽车产品由多种零部件构成，零部件的生产工艺各有不同，因而在汽车的工艺中包含并交叉了成批生产系统的生产工序和连续生产系统的生产工序。
（4）汽车工业生产的专有性。汽车零件的加工与其他零件的加工在原理上没有什么异同，但汽车工业包含许多专门技术，采用各种自动生产线和柔性自动生产线，如汽车装配会采用装配流水线。
二、汽车生产物流的原理、模式和方法
1.原理
汽车生产物流主要做的有以下几个工作：一是接货、卸货，二是储存、保管，三是出库，四是上线，五是生产线上废弃物的回收。其中生产物流管理的设计应考虑的主要内容包括原材料、外协件品种与数量的供应保障及时性、车间之间及内部各工作地之间物流运作的便捷性、生产的均衡性以及经营费用及信息集成管理技术等。生产物流系统的要素构成主要有交货时间、交货频度、交货数量、订货量、截止时间、订货至交货的时间等，形成生产物流系统要使这些要素的组成与运作合理化。
2.模式
企业生产运作方式的基本问题包括生产系统的投入要素管理、产出要素管理、生产变化过程要素管理三大方面。企业会通过看板供货系统、JIT供货系统和JIS供货系统来确保生产顺利进行。而生产系统在空间组织上有三种专业化组织形式，即：对象专业化、工艺专业化和成组生产单元；在时间组织上则有顺序移动方式、平行移动方式、平行顺序移动方式三种方式。此外，在生产物流管理的过程中，有MTS和MTO生产模式，即备货型生产和订货型生产，汽车生产系统大对数采用MTO模式，即按用户订单生产，而非按库存生产。
在汽车的生产过程中，对于部分模块化的零部件或组件，通常会制造出相当数量的标准化产品，最后根据客户需求做颜色、样式等细微的改变；称作延迟制造。实施延迟制造，又会采取以下几种方法：工艺重构（或重新排序），即对生产工艺或步骤进行修改和调整；模块化，即将一个产品分解为便于组装在一起的模块，如汽车可分解为车身、车底盘等；标准化，即使用另一标准产品替代另一产品系列；通用化。
3.方法
广义上的汽车生产物流涉及工厂总平面的布置、车间布置、设备布置等等。在生产开始前，企业会根据订单制定物料需求计划、企业资源计划等计划；而在工厂平面布置中，一般采用物料流向图法和物料运量图法；车间布置则一般按照生产流程的顺序来布置；设施布置的形式有线型布局、U型布局、半圆型布局等等，汽车生产线一般采用线型布局；在生产过程的控制上，有IE理论与方法、精益化生产理论与方法、创意方法和常用QC方法、定制管理、看板管理等，如丰田集团的精益化生产、6S管理及看板管理；在汽车装配流水线上，更多采用移动流水线、柔性自动化生产线，即劳动对象发生移动，工人、设备等不移动；在生产调度上，分为建模和调度算法设计两方面，会采用模拟退火算法、遗传算法、禁忌搜索算法等加以计算机软件进行操作，如丰田的GTMC备件系统和仓库保管作业及运输中的JIT管理。
三、案例
一汽大众的“零库存”
1．实现“零库存”的方法
（1）进货的“零库存”处理流程
一汽大众的零部件的送货形式有三种：
第一种是电子看板，即公司每月把生产信息用扫描的方式通过电脑网络传递送到各供货厂，对方根据这一信息安排自己的生产，然后公司按照生产情况发出供货信息，对方则马上用自备车辆将零部件送到公司各车间的入口处，再由入口处分配到车间的工位上。
第二种叫做“准时化”，即公司按整车顺序把配货单传送到供货厂，对方也按顺序装货直接把零部件送到工位上，从而取消了中间仓库环节。
第三种是批量进货，供货厂每月对于那些不影响大局又没有变化的小零部件分批量地送1—2次。
（2）在制品的“零库存”管理
公司很注重在制品的“零库存”管理，在该公司流行着这样一句话：在制品是万恶之源，用以形容大量库存带来的种种弊端。在生产初期，捷达车的品种比较单一，颜色也只有蓝、白、红三种。公司的生产全靠大量的库存来保证。随着市场需求的日益多样化，传统的生产组织方式面临着严峻的挑战。
在整车车间，生产线上每辆车的车身上都贴着一张生产指令表，零部件的种类及装配顺序一目了然。计划部门控装车顺序通过电脑网络向各供货厂下计划，供货厂按照顺序生产、装货，生产线上的工人按顺序组装，一伸手拿到的零部件保证就是他正在操作的车上的。物流管理就这样使原本复杂的生产变成了简单而高效率的“傻子工程”。令人称奇的是，整车车间的一条生产线过去仅生产一种车型，其生产现场尚且拥挤不堪，如今在一条生产线同时组装2～3种车型的混流生产线，却不仅做到了及时、准确，而且生产现场比原先节约了近10%。
（3）实现“无纸化办公”
随着物流控制系统的逐步完善，电脑网络由控制实物流、信息流延伸到公司的决策、生产、销售、财务核算等各个领域中，使公司的管理步入了科学化、透明化。公司已实现了“无纸化办公”，各部门之间均通过电子邮件联系。
2．评述
“零库存”是现代物流中的管理理念，它实质上是在保证供应的前提下，实现库存费用最低的一种管理方式。工业生产和商品流通过程的阶段性目标并不一样，商业企业组织商品流通的目的是保证市场商品供应，而市场波动与供求不协调是完全正常的经济现象，但每当出现供不应求现象时，企业为能保持经常性的供求平衡，一般采取增加库存，保证供应的作法，实质上是加大了流动资金的占用量。工业生产过程的复杂程度是众所周知的，在传统上，为适应这种复杂生产所形成的大量原材料、配件、在制品、各种零部件的库存，及由此造成的大量资金占压，已成为许多企业的一块顽疾。本案例中，一汽大众实现的“零库存”，无疑是一个有意义的启示。
（1）特点与启示
①一个目标，多种途径。一汽大众为实现“零库存”，采用了三种有针对性的零部件的送货形式：一是，电子看板；二是，“准时化”；三是，批量进货。三种方式各有适用范围，这就作到了因地制宜，因事而异，利用不同方式，共同实现“零库存”的系统目标。
②信息化、网络化是现代企业发展的基本方向，而在现实中如何实现信息化呢？一汽大众“建立了与自身情况相适应的物流信息系统”的作法是值得借鉴的。它的物流控制系统没有采用德方系统，而是根据自己企业固有的特点定身打造的，不仅成本低廉，更重要的是能够实实在在的满足需要，取得效益。这一点，很值得我国的一些正在打算引进与开发物流信息系统的企业借鉴。
③一汽大众在物流系统运作的各个环节及其流程中，特别注重的一点便是竭力降低其库存
